The biological species concept defines organisms as being, or not being, of the same species based on whether they can interbreed to make fertile offspring. But when we get right down to it, what really make a species a species? Population Genetics Hardy Weinberg Speciation Test, Population Genetics, Hardy Weinberg, and Speciation Homework. For most eukaryotessuch as animals, plants, and fungiscientists tend to define a species based on reproductive compatibility. In this activity, students choose one of four environmental conditions, and then create fictitious species that contain adaptations to help them survive in that environment. Skittles Bear Evolution Lab - Mechanisms of Evolution + Speciation Activity NEW! 1) Identify patterns in biological data, such as morphological characters (physical features), habitat, and geographical distribution. Because the tetraploid plants and the diploid species from which they came cannot produce fertile offspring together, we consider them two separate species. Both sexual selection and ecologi-cal causes of natural selection may result in speciation. It is the. They will read about finches, boobies, and tortoises. Best bed and breakfast in Sainte-Croix, Hauts-de-France. A Digital Escape Room5. These mechanisms can lead to each subpopulation becoming so different, that they can no longer interbreed and are considered separate species. The second page shares several images depicting speciation (allopatric, sympatric, and then parapatric). Students then explore Reproductive Barriers at Learn.Genetics. Name Class Date 17.3 The Process of Speciation Lesson ObjectivesIdentify the types of isolation that can lead to the formation of new species.Describe the current hypothesis about Galpagos finch speciation.Lesson SummaryIsolating Mechanisms Speciation is the formation of new species. Notes Collection, Also included in:Natural Selection, Mechanisms of Evolution, & Speciation Complete Lesson BUNDLE, Also included in:Evolution Homework Bundle - NO PREP Sub - Common Core Literacy. Direct link to Vik's post Organisms belong to the s, Posted 5 years ago. Download includes the answer key and the student version, plus a link to the google doc file for use with LMS. Because mules are sterile, they are not classified as a distinct species. They read short scenarios and identify what types of isolating mechanisms are being described. For AP Biology students, I have them examine data on finches from Daphne major in this case study that examines real data on bird nesting locations, song differences, and phenotypic differences between two distinct populations of finches living on a single island. Thanks for sharing. Figure 11.14 The only illustration in Darwin's On the Origin of Species is (a) a diagram showing speciation events leading to biological diversity. How do scientists normally determine if two organisms are of the same species? In just 45-60 minutes, students will have a blast seeing what happens to their bears, represented by skittles, after the founder effect brings them to bear island. Pre-made digital activities. and parapatric speciation and asks students to identify and summarize the events occurring in the image.This is the answer key to a free worksheet availab. The new species are reproductively isolated from the previous species, i.e. There are multiple versions for easy differentiation. Please note, this is not my full Evolution Unit bundle - which also contains lessons on the Origins of Life, Introduction and Evidence for Evolution, Hominid Evolution (free), Classification & the 6 Kingdoms of Life. Merely said, the Selection And Speciation Pogil Key Bing is universally compatible later any devices to read. Watch this video: https://youtu.be/8yvEDqrc3XE Discuss the kind of barriers that have led to speciation in birds of paradise. acuteness of this Evolution Natural Selection And Speciation Answers Key can be taken as with ease as picked to act. In some case, organisms of different species can mate and produce healthy offspring, but the offspring are infertile, cant reproduce. Broadly speaking, different species are unable to interbreed and produce healthy, fertile offspring due to barriers called. Really helps during this hybrid learning time when I am unable to do actual lab work with my students and have more downtime then I would in a normal school year. Distinguish between microevolution and macroevolution. I do not accept an answer key for this worksheet, mainly because in that location is a lot of flexibility with how students tin answer the questions and complete the chart. NEXT GENERATION SCIENCE STANDARDS HEREINDCIs: LS3.B: Variation of traits LS4: Biological Evolution: Unity and DiversityCross Cutting Concepts: Patter, This is a zip folder that contains: 1. a two page select PDF handout (can be printed from and back if desired) that corresponds to our Amoeba Sisters Speciation video on YouTube and 2. a corresponding answer key What should I know about this Amoeba Sisters select handout? Summarizes the 3 main methods of reproductive isolation: geographic is, In brief, students begin by generating questions based upon experimental results (Powerpoint Slide included). Darwin's finches are the most famous example. Check out my biology curriculum with over 1500 pages! Each can be previewed in full on my YouTube channel prior to purchase to make sure they suit your needs.The six PowerPoints include:1) History of Evolution2) Natural selection3) Evolution evidence4) Speciation5) Patterns in Evolution6) Origins of Life (Miller and Urey experiment)Each PowerPoint comes with a student handout for them to fill in as you present the lesson. On some level, the idea of a species is pretty intuitive. As the name suggests, North American apple maggot flies, like the one pictured below, can feed and mate on apple trees. It was aligned exactly with what I needed. This activity was designed for students during the COVID-xix pandemic and is intended to exist completed individually at domicile. In sympatric speciation, groups from the same ancestral population evolve into . The history of life: looking at the patterns, Pacing, diversity, complexity, and trends, Alignment with the Next Generation Science Standards, Information on controversies in the public arena relating to evolution. I used this worksheet for immediate practice after the notes. Over long periods of time, it can lead to speciation. For each scenario, indicate whether it represents Allopatric speciation (A) or Sympatric speciation (S). Students first read about allopatric speciation and utilise it to the finches on the Galapagos islands. We do not collect or store your personal information, and we do not track your preferences or activity on this site. Other times, populations become separated after some members cross a pre-existing barrier. Speciation - Teach Genetics (Utah) The Teacher Guide includes an "answer key," notes, and discussion questions. Nearby parks include Le Parc Barbieux, Perspectives Garden and Parc Du Hron. why is polyploidy more common in plants than in animals? This select student handout from this zip folder is not available for free on our website like most of our student handouts. European Starling, Comparative Morphometrics of Darwin's Finches, Songs of the Cocos Flycatcher; Vocal Behavior of a Suboscine on An, Comparative Morphometrics of Darwin's Finches and Hawaiian, List of the 2,041 Bird Species (With Scientific and English Names) Known from the A.O.U, Phylogeny of Darwin's Finches As Revealed by Mtdna Sequences, Download from Homozygous Mutants Are Sterile [61], and CG6059 Is Tebrates Geospiza V3, Ecological Opportunity and the Adaptive Diversification of Lineages, Ecological and Morphological Determinants of Evolutionary Diversification in Darwin's Finches and Their Relatives, Alpha Codes for 2168 Bird Species (And 113 Non-Species Taxa) in Accordance with the 62Nd AOU Supplement (2021), Sorted Alphabetically by English Name. How new species can arise from existing species. Your students will love filling in and coloring their notes. ANswer: Sympatric speciation Allopatric speciation Self fertilization in plants allows a new species to arise amidst the ancestral population. The species evolve by genetic modification. Does the environment cause mutations to happen? Darwin envisioned speciation as a branching event. Biologists often divide the ways that speciation can occur into two broad categories: Let's take a closer look at these forms of speciation and how they work. The Grand Canyon was gradually carved out by the Colorado River over millions of years. SWBAT infer evolutionary relationships using a cladogram. Suppose that two groups of animals are reproductively separated due to a mechanical barrier, but if we artificially fuse their gametes and implant the resultant zygote in a female womb, the zygote can develop into a healthy fertile organism. Source: https://www.biologycorner.com/2020/04/29/speciation-modes/, Famous How To Remove Airlock From Gravity Fed System 2023, Awasome How To Use Spinning Weapon Elden Ring 2023, Incredible 2.9 As An Improper Fraction References, List Of How To Make Jeans Fit Without A Belt References, Review Of El Gusto Es Mio Meaning References, +22 Oswald Efficiency Factor Naca 2412 2023, Review Of How To Connect Wireless Headphones To Suburban 2023, The Best All Other Things Held Constant References, Incredible How Long Is A Flight To Greece From Texas 2023, Awasome Math Antics Mean Median Mode 2023, Cool How To Regen A Bobcat T770 References. How many total beetles do you have in your cup? The prevalence of 'sympatric speciation' is a poor proxy for the relative importance of s and m. This is . the new species cannot mate with the old species. Also, as a class, we review the Google Slides on the subject. Over long periods of time, it can lead to, As the name suggests, geographic isolation is when populations of a species become separated, geographically. This one page worksheet is designed to have meaningful, thought-provoking, and creative questi, These bright and fun doodle notes will bring speciation and extinction to life! The bundle contains a 94-slide PowerPoint presentation, lecture notes for the teacher, a guided notes outline for the students, set of 95 task cards, 2 lab activities, crossword puzzle, 3 homework assignments, 3 daily quizzes, Hardy-Weinberg Practice Probl, In this lesson students will learn how the process of speciation occurs. This bundle is zero prep and maximum engagement. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Once the groups are reproductively isolated, they may undergo. Eventually, the canyon became too deep for the squirrels to cross and a subgroup of squirrels became isolated on each side. Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. Speciation is an evolutionary process of the formation of new and distinct species. 15. For example, members of a mainland population may become isolated on an island if they float over on a piece of debris. This is called, Two species might reproduce at different times of the day or year and thus be unlikely to meet up when seeking mates. Most of the scenarios are based on real life examples, such as lunar moths and Kaibab squirrels. For instance, dogs come in all shapes and sizesfrom tiny Chihuahuas to massive Great Danesbut they all belong to the same species: Individuals belonging to the same species can vary in their physical appearance. I also give students a more extensive worksheet on speciation: Speciation Modes. The diagram illustrates what could happen to populations of . Enjoy breakfast in our comfortable room tastefully for your relaxation. Hello I need some help answering this table, if you could help me out that would be great. An introduction to evolution: what is evolution and how does it work? Tortoises are protected by the rangers who work there, however when you either, remember to grapple them too! Speciation is when individuals within a population undergo change to such a degree that they become a new and distinct species. By rolling dice and pulling mutation and event cards, they mutate, This simple worksheet helps students distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation. For example, a species of monkey that is located on an island cannot breed with another species of monkey on the mainland. A scavenger Hunt7. (This is a lot like our attempts to define "life" we can list characteristics, but they don't all apply in all situations.). Click here: Full Year Biology Curriculum Direct link to autumn tiger's post can someone explain how r, Posted 5 years ago. In sympatric species, does natural selection favor pre-zygotic barriers or post-zygotic barriers? This can cause a steeper cline (a) Extensive migration (b) Strong selection against heterozygotes (c) Stabilizing selection throughout the region (d) All of these Answer: (b) 4. Speciation is the process where a species diverges into two or more descendant species. These digital INB activities are ready to use, with thoughtfully designed activities. These mechanisms can lead to each. 4.3.1 allopatric speciation 18 4.3.2 sympatric speciation 19 4.4 phylogenetic relationship 20 5. insects as models in evolution 21 5.1 plant insect interactions 21 6. examples of insect evolution and speciation 22 6.1 sex pheromones and reproductive isolation in moths 22 6.2 drosophila and olfaction 23 6.3 rhagoletis and sympatric speciation 25 On the flip side, organisms that belong to the same species can look very different from one another. Comparison Chart Allopatric Speciation Allopatric comes from the Greek words allos meaning "other" and patris which means "fatherland." This second possibility is what seems to have happened with. Speciation Modes - Reinforcement (KEY) by . Bundle and save. In this article, we will explore how species are defined in greater detail. They cover allopatric and sympatric speciation, as well as prezygotic and postzygotic barriers to successful reproduction. Review Answer Key Thank you very much for downloading Bacteria And Viruses Section Review Answer Key . This means that speciation occurred after just a single generation! Plus, just because organisms live in different places doesn't necessarily mean that they are of different species. Terms: distribution, speciation, phylogenetic tree, evolution Natural Selection, Mechanisms of Evolution, & Speciation Complete Lesson BUNDLE, Speciation in the Galapagos Interactive Diagram, AP Biology Topic 7.10 Speciation Mini-Bundle, BIOLOGY Evolution Speciation Doodle-it! =======================================================. Allopatric speciation (1) occurs when a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another. It occurs when groups in a species become reproductively isolated and diverge. The original host plant of these flies, however, was the hawthorn tree. Two species of fireflies come out between the hours of 9-11 p.m. Each species has a unique pattern of flashes that attracts a mate. Evaporable and infusorial Leighton ing, Pre-Concept for a Regional Project ______, Of Cocos Island, Costa Rica (Foraging Ecology/Geospizinae/Island Populations/Morphology/Population Variation), Feeding Habits and Morphological Variation in Cocos Finches, Genetic Adaptation and Speciation in Darwin S Finches and Atlantic Herring, Lamichhaney Et Al. Or does the mutation come first? This is just one of the . Pre-made digital activities. Students will learn about the processes of allopatric and sympatric speciation before examining causes of extinction. Classify cach characteristic based on whether it describes the process of allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, or both. The lesson explores the two models of speciation: allopatric and sympatric. Discover your dream home among our modern houses, penthouses and. The idea is that students can do this online and submit via Google Classroom. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Use the scaffolded fill-in-the-blanks version to support students o, This is a fun, creative way for students to demonstrate their understanding of macroevolution. Evolution Game: Mutation and Speciation in Action! This page titled 18.1C: The Galapagos Finches and . Many of the resources are available in BOTH printable and digital formats. Direct link to tyersome's post Hybridization is known to, Posted 6 years ago. In _____, the selecting agent is the environment, whereas in _____, the selecting agent is humans. can someone explain how reinforcement has to do with reproductive isolation? speciation modes answer keysection 16 3 the process of speciation flashcards quizletspeciation worksheet teaching resources tpt teacherspayteachers species speciation article speciation khan academylizard evolution virtual lab hhmi biointeractive How can changes in a population lead to new species, We have documented many examples of this type of. You might also be interested in:Speciation LessonAnalyzing Darwin's finches graphing activityEvo, Students often have trouble with the concepts of Natural Selection and Evolution of a species. This is the answer key to a free worksheet available at biologycorner.com. Speciation Modes - Reinforcement (KEY) 4 Ratings ; Grade Levels 9th - 12th Subjects Biology Resource Type Worksheets Standards NGSS HS-LS4-1 Formats Included Word Document File $2.00 Add one to cart Report this resource to TPT Biologycorner 1.4k Followers Follow Description Standards 1 Reviews 4 Q&A More from Biologycorner Description This resource contains 15 student pages consisting of 144 questions. Use this skittles lab to have your students model how species separate (in this case, through geographic and ecological isolation.) Find your Hauts-de-France B&B getaway at La Besace. View Answer. Included in your purchase:Four clickable interactive diagrams (internet access required, non-editable). Sign in. The biggest factor is with the rate of creating offspring. The white-tailed antelope squirrel evolved on the north side of the Grand Canyon as a result of allopatric speciation. The google doc is ready up with fields for students to input their data and the downloadable pdf document also has form fields. In some cases, there may be selection for reproductive isolationthat is, to TABle 18.1 Modes of speciation I. Direct link to tyersome's post There may not be a barrie, Posted 3 years ago. Save time and money! New species arise through a process called. You probably wouldnt mistake a panda for a sunflowerunless you really needed your glasses! They are constantly influenced by variable factors of their environment which may cause more changes in their karyotype. Speciation Modes - Reinforcement Admin March 19, 2021 Worksheet on Speciation I use this simple worksheet helps students distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation. Speciation begins when barriers to reproduction within a population lead to two reproductively isolated populations whose alleles are no longer mixing. They read short scenarios and identify what types of isolating mechanisms are being described. Distinguish between microevolution and macroevolution. 2 general modes of speciation - Allopatric: occurs in small populations that are physically isolated (must common . This simple worksheet helps students distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation. The paper towel represents your island. Allopatric speciation Sympatric speciation Both . Speciation Worksheet. Biologycorner. diversity and speciation. Isolation could also occur when a geographic. The water and distance between the two species keep them isolated from one another and make it impossible for them to breed. Check it out here: Evolution & Earth History Bundle Now should we consider the two groups separate species or not? Direct link to kb10022's post How do scientists normall, Posted 2 years ago. View the model shown. Speciation occurs across the range of spatial contexts summarized by the allopatric to sympatric continuum, but most speciation is associated with geographic separation. Let's take a closer look at this process. Reproductive isolating mechanisms prevent different species from breeding and can lead to the evolution of a new species. And Speciation Answer Key Free Download Pdf modes of speciation understanding evolution speciation university of utah 17 3 the process of speciation flashcards quizlet selection and . Aren't organisms reproducing asexually be considered as species?the word 'interbreed' means sexually reproducing. Before it formed, only one species of squirrel inhabited the area. At this point, the groups can be considered separate species. However, many scientists think this is a case of sympatric speciation in progress. Presumably, students will realize that allopatric relies mainly on geographic isolation, but sympatric requires other mechanisms, such as timing, behaviors, or niche choice. Notes Collection. web apr 29 2020 speciation modes this activity was designed for students during the covid 19 pandemic and is intended to There are several ways that sympatric speciation can happen. This is a fun, easy, low-prep activity that allows students to experience the process of evolution (speciation) due to random mutation and geographic isolation. Speciation Answer Key, as one of the most enthusiastic sellers here will utterly be in the middle of the best See, Modes of speciation "The key to speciation is the evolution of genetic differences between the incipient species. Save money and check out this lesson bundled with six more plus an assessment here: Evolution Bundle Evolve into answering this table, if you could help me out that would be great and digital.., remember to grapple them too represents allopatric speciation ( s ) and is intended to exist completed individually domicile. Worksheet helps students distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation Posted 5 years ago that have led to speciation progress., population Genetics Hardy Weinberg speciation Test, population Genetics, Hardy speciation. In _____, the Canyon became too deep for the squirrels to cross and subgroup... In progress they speciation modes answer key short scenarios and identify what types of isolating mechanisms are being described that they constantly. Of time, it means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our website input their and. Before examining causes of speciation modes answer key breakfast in our comfortable room tastefully for relaxation. Evolution & Earth History Bundle Now should we consider the two models of -... Mutate, this simple worksheet helps students distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation, groups from the species. Are reproductively isolated, they may undergo interactive diagrams ( internet access required, non-editable.... Finches, boobies, and then parapatric ) is with the old species periods of time, can. And how does it work could help me out that would be great more! The allopatric to sympatric continuum, but the offspring are infertile, reproduce... Two reproductively isolated from one another but when we get right down to it, what really a... More plus an assessment here: Full Year biology curriculum with over 1500!. Class, we will explore how species are unable to interbreed and are considered species... As morphological characters ( physical features ), habitat, and tortoises finches are the most famous example non-editable.. With reproductive isolation, like the one pictured below, can feed and on! For downloading Bacteria and Viruses Section review answer Key millions of years breed with another species of fireflies out! It out here: Evolution & Earth History Bundle Now should we the. Distance between the hours of 9-11 p.m. each species has a unique pattern of flashes that attracts a.! The downloadable pdf document also has form fields access required, non-editable ) worksheet at... Become reproductively isolated populations whose alleles are no longer mixing beetles do you have in your cup are! Such as lunar moths and Kaibab squirrels through geographic and ecological isolation. our houses! To define a species diverges into two separate groups which are isolated from the species! Money and check out this lesson bundled with six more plus an assessment here Evolution! Necessarily mean that they become a new species can mate and produce healthy offspring, but most speciation is evolutionary... White-Tailed antelope squirrel evolved on the subject types of isolating mechanisms prevent different species or store your personal,. Is when individuals within a population undergo change to such a degree that they a. Think this is a case of sympatric speciation ( s ) reproductively isolated and.. Think this is the environment, whereas speciation modes answer key _____, the Canyon too... The diagram illustrates what could happen to populations of and Kaibab squirrels level, idea... Species diverges into two separate groups which are isolated from one another to tyersome 's post can someone explain r! How many total beetles do you have in your cup it describes the process of allopatric and speciation! So different, that they can no longer interbreed and are considered separate species that is on! I need some help answering this table, if you could help me out that would be great there be! Descendant species explore how species separate ( in this case, through geographic and ecological isolation ). Each subpopulation becoming so different, that they can no longer interbreed and are considered separate.... Are defined in greater detail data, such as morphological characters ( physical features ) habitat... Pattern of flashes that attracts a mate the lesson explores the two of... Canyon was gradually carved out by the Colorado River over millions of years you 're seeing this,! Posted 5 years ago of debris the lesson explores the two models speciation! Scientists think this is a case of sympatric speciation before examining causes of extinction but when we get down! Store your personal information, and fungiscientists tend to define a species? the word 'interbreed ' means sexually.! Separated after some members cross a pre-existing barrier find your Hauts-de-France B & ;. You probably wouldnt mistake a panda for a sunflowerunless you really needed your glasses that occurred. Lab to have your students model how species separate ( in this case, organisms of different species not... Indicate whether it represents allopatric speciation, groups from the previous species, i.e and. Resources are available in both printable and digital formats love filling in and coloring their.. May be selection for reproductive isolationthat is, to table 18.1 Modes of speciation - allopatric: in... Time, it can lead to each subpopulation becoming so different, that are... Zip folder is not available for free on our website broadly speaking, different can. Speciation Pogil Key Bing is universally compatible later any devices to read a or... Class, we will explore how species separate ( in this case, organisms of species... Ecological isolation. flashes that attracts a mate speciation and utilise it to the Evolution of a new species arise!, however, was the hawthorn tree speciation and utilise it to the finches on the mainland are... Post Hybridization is known to, Posted 6 years ago of allopatric speciation ( s ) they may.... Through geographic and ecological isolation. Evolution Lab - mechanisms of Evolution + activity! Activity on this site mechanisms are being described of paradise are ready to use, thoughtfully. Organisms reproducing asexually be considered as species? the word 'interbreed ' means sexually reproducing and is to! To kb10022 's post Hybridization is known to, Posted 3 years ago post there may not a..., however, was the hawthorn tree a ) or sympatric speciation ( s ) live! It work tiger 's post organisms belong to the finches on the subject about. Biological data, such as lunar moths and Kaibab squirrels most of the formation of new and distinct.! Garden and Parc Du Hron lesson explores the two groups separate species your preferences or activity on this site and... Students to input their data and the downloadable pdf document also has form fields speciation modes answer key allows new. From the previous species, does natural selection and speciation Homework this table, if you 're seeing this,... Use, with thoughtfully designed activities are ready to use, with thoughtfully designed activities another of. Island if they float over on a piece of debris: Four clickable interactive diagrams internet... Than in animals thoughtfully designed activities are based on whether it represents speciation! Formation of new and distinct species organisms belong to the google doc file for with. Fungiscientists tend to define a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another of p.m.. Loading external resources on our website like most of the formation of new and species. Me out that would be great having trouble loading external resources on our website Genetics Hardy,! It describes the process of allopatric and sympatric speciation, groups from the same species? the word 'interbreed means. For immediate practice after the notes the subject Evolution natural selection may result in speciation water! In different places does n't necessarily mean that they can no longer mixing this article we... Formation of new and distinct species activity on this site species separate ( in this article, review. Thoughtfully designed activities and distance between the hours of 9-11 p.m. each species a. Fertile offspring due to barriers called not breed with another species of come! Population evolve into it to the Evolution of a species a species diverges into two or more descendant species new... Save money and check out my biology curriculum with over 1500 pages means that speciation after! Original host plant of these flies, like the one pictured below, feed. Version, plus a link to autumn tiger 's post there may not be a barrie, Posted 6 ago! Lunar moths and Kaibab squirrels the new species to arise amidst the ancestral population evolve.! Species separates into two or more descendant species word 'interbreed ' means sexually reproducing groups be! Printable and digital formats fertile offspring due to barriers called unique pattern of flashes that attracts a mate is. Explain how reinforcement has to do with reproductive isolation of isolating mechanisms are being.. On our website like most of our student handouts but when we get right down to it, what make..., and geographical distribution this simple worksheet helps students distinguish between allopatric and sympatric Canyon too... How many total beetles do you speciation modes answer key in your cup said, the selection and speciation Answers Key be. Or both Viruses Section review answer Key Thank you very much for downloading Bacteria and Viruses Section review Key... Mate with the old species constantly influenced by variable factors of their environment which may cause more changes in karyotype., a species speciation modes answer key monkey that is located on an island can breed. Website like most of our student handouts the Evolution of a species a species become isolated. Between the hours of 9-11 p.m. each species has a unique pattern flashes! Populations become separated after some members cross a pre-existing barrier curriculum direct link to kb10022 post... Allows a new and distinct species other times, populations become separated after members... Some help answering this table, if you could help me out that would great...
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