The most plan behind irrigation systems is that your lawns and plants are maintained with the minimum quantity of water needed Water is a fragile resource and that we got to incorporate ways to conserve it and not over-use it. When you are watering with a hose it can take substantial time and early morning and evening watering rituals deduct from family and work. The water used should be of good quality so the perforation does not get clogged. Ancient civilizations in many parts of the world practiced irrigation. We Provide Valuable Information on Construction, Building Tips, Site Knowledge & So On.. Water is applied near the plant root through emitters or drippers, on or below the soil surface, at a low rate varying from 2-20 liters per hour. A piped network,that passes throughout the soil, is used for water distribution so that all the plant gets water effectively. As water is applied to the top end of the field it will flow or advance over the field length. b. a river flooding its banks) uses seasonal floods of rivers, streams, ponds and lakes to fill water storage basins. With the It consists of a pumping unit, a network of pipes, and sprinklers. The water is applied rapidly to the entire basin and is allowed to infiltrate. In the contour farming method of irrigation, the land is divided into a series of stripes, which are known as terraces or benches. It also has effects on crop production, which include: The three basic and broad classifications of irrigation methods are: In this technique, water flows and spreads over the surface of the land. WebIn surface ( flood, or level basin) irrigation systems, water moves across the surface of an agricultural lands, in order to wet it and infiltrate into the soil. The pipe network consists of a mainline and a no of laterals. Field This method is most suitable for the fields with slopes compared to the basin method. In this method, water flows between dikes that divide the sloping field into rectangular strips with free drainage at an end. This method involves less labor because no land preparation is done in the form of levees, field ditches, grading (slope), etc. Here the water is applied to the field with the help of gravitational force. Thank you ClearIAS. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. A Computer Science portal for geeks. WebFollowings are the types of irrigation methods- Surface Irrigation Localized Irrigation Drip Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Center Pivot Irrigation Lateral Move Irrigation Sub Eight factors/parameters such as soil type, soil depth, soil texture, soil drainage, slope, distance from a water supply, and land cover were used to evaluate the In reality, some of the irrigation practices grouped under this name involve a significant degree of management (for example surge irrigation). Required fields are marked *. Each may be utilized in one garden if required. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Drip irrigation is one of the latest methods known for the irrigation of crops. Compared to the other irrigation systems, lateral move irrigation system tends to be way cheaper but requires a lot of labor or manpower. Flow to each furrow is individually controlled. These are accomplished by a water-lifting pump, hydro cyclone filter, sand filter, fertilizer mixing tank, screen filter, pressure regulator, water meter, mainline, lateral, and drippers. With the advancement of technology, various irrigation methods have been developed to meet the specific requirements of crops and soil. The process of surface irrigation can be described using four phases. In the fields with higher slopes, and low infiltration rates and in fields with the lower slope, higher inflow rates are required to irrigate the field uniformly. It is a high water efficient usage system among all methods of irrigation. This method is a special type of check flooding and is adopted specially for orchard trees. This type of sprinkler is used for professional sports fields and it pumps volume. This system is very labor intensive. This method has high application efficiency, less evaporation loss, and a high cost of pipes and the installation. The water reaches the root of the plants by percolation. There are 5 types of surface irrigation: Canal irrigation, Border irrigation, Check basin irrigation, Surge irrigation, and Furrow irrigation. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. The three basic and broad classifications of irrigation methods are: Surface; Sprinkler; Sub-surface; Surface irrigation. Varied quantities of water are allowed on the fields at different times. To supply water with pressure, a water-lifting pump is essential. The objective of this paper was to determine whether the land in Belessa is suitable for surface irrigation. On the other hand, artificial applications of water increase the risk of contamination. as flood or furrow irrigation) Drip or Micro Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Center Pivot Irrigation Sub-irrigation Surface Irrigation Systems Surface, or flood, irrigation systems are humans earliest irrigation method. Excessive infiltration can occur at the top of the furrow in sandy soils. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases (DFWED), Water, Sanitation, & Environmentally-related Hygiene, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. This consists of a vast amount of irrigation methods in which water is scattered, the things you need to have before you introduce the irrigation water to the basins are by siphons, gated pipe. The plantings are watered by placing canals or furrows in between the rows of plants. In: Annual Report 1988, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. If set incorrectly it could cause flooding at the lower half of the green wall and dry conditions at the top. Are very effective for delicate plants and high foot traffic areas. Water is applied to the top end of each furrow and flows down the field under the influence of gravity. The pipes with a group quantity of water to the fields and then sprays it directly over the crops with high-pressure sprinklers. Surface irrigation can be subdivided into furrow, border strip or basin irrigation. I am so interested to this, because it broadening our knowledge. Related post: Rain Gauge: Uses, Types, diagram, rainfall measurement, Data Adjustment & site Selection. It reduces water losses, minimizes weed formation, and increases productivity. The water moves from one basin to another basin by irrigating the previous basin. It is mostly used in orchards. Drip irrigation A type of localized irrigation in which drops of water are delivered at or near the root of plants. One common use of this technique includes the irrigation of pasture for dairy production. Water is applied very slowly in gallons per hour Inline drip should clearly operate at a reduced pressure so as to deliver solely a tiny low quantity of water at a specified rate; therefore needs a pressure reducer and filters, Drip systems may be connected to a hose finish and operated by hand, or for good connected to your main water supply and operated by an automatic controller. Furrows may range anywhere from less than 100m (110yd) to 2,000m (1.2mi) long depending on the soil type, location, and crop type. iv) Feasibility to grow high value crops-fruits, vegetables, spices etc. Every irrigation method has advantages and disadvantages. The necessity of irrigation is summarised as follows:-. After lifting, water will pass through hydro cyclone filter, sand filter, fertilizer mixing tank, and screen filter finally through drippers. In this process, the surrounding water table is raised to scatter water evenly acrossthe land. This helps the surface to have water spread through it evenly as it moves down across the basin. We give special emphasis on smart work and personal mentorship. BASIN IRRIGATION. In the furrow technique, trenches or furrows are dug between crop rows in a field. Most of the canals provide perennial irrigation and supply water as and when required. Water will drop right where the root zone of a plant in a dripping motion. The objective of this paper was to determine whether the land in Belessa is suitable for surface irrigation. Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil or agricultural field. The process of surface irrigation can be described using four phases. Civil Engineering Home for Civil Engineers, We can be applied to the land for irrigation by various methods. Required fields are marked *. Lateral move irrigation Water is distributed through a series of pipes, each with a wheel and a set of sprinklers, which are rotated either by hand or with a purpose-built mechanism. Specialized drip irrigation systems direct water specifically to each plants root ball, rather than sprinkling the entire garden like a typical rainstorm. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given region. There is a reduction in the cost of labor. For our purpose, however, we will restrict our discussion to drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation that are important for UPSC exam. amzn_assoc_search_bar = "true"; It is a type of micro-irrigation system or localized irrigation system which is the most efficient water and nutrient delivery system for growing crops. In this irrigation method, no preparation of land is done before releasing the water. 2. Sprinkler/spray irrigation is the method of applying water to a controlled manner in that is similar to rainfall. CAS Drip irrigation applies water directly to the roots at low volume. Let us see different types of irrigation methods in detail below. Uncontrolled flooding is also known as wild flooding. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. It is mostly used in dry areas and during periods of insufficient rainfall. The speed of water movement is determined by many factors such as slope, surface roughness, and furrow shape, but most importantly by the inflow rate and soil infiltration rate. The excess may be collected for reuse. It is an important source of irrigation in Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Kerala, the Bundelkhand area, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. After making basins all these are connected with each other and with irrigation channels. Interesting For you: Diversion head works in irrigation- Layout and functions of component. A nozzle is fitted into the emitter which supplies the water droplets at a rate of around 2 liters to 10 liters per hour. In WebTop 3 Methods of Irrigation (With Diagram) Article shared by : ADVERTISEMENTS: Read this article to learn about the important methods of irrigation, i.e., (1) Surface Irrigation (2) Overhead or Sprinkler Irrigation (3) Drip or Trickle Irrigation. ii) Sloppy or undulating topography where land leveling is impractical or uneconomical. Border strip, otherwise known as border check or bay irrigation could be considered as a hybrid of level basin and furrow irrigation. The length and slope of the border strip are dependent on soil type, as the velocities should not be so small as to cause erosion and should not be so small as to result in a very uneven depth of infiltration from head to tail of the strip. Fields are typically set up to follow the natural contours of the land but the introduction of laser levelling and land grading has permitted the construction of large rectangular basins that are more appropriate for mechanised broadacre cropping. A center-pivot irrigation system is a type of watering system that uses a long, rotating arm to deliver water to crops in a circular pattern. Surface irrigation comes in three major types; level basin, furrow and border strip. It can be operated with less technical knowledge, whereas drip and sprinkler methods require technical knowledge. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. Controlled flooding can be done using different ways such as check basin, zigzag method, border strips, etc. For this, a GIS-based Analytical hierarchy process method was applied. The spray of water resembles a slow rainfall in the form of a drizzle. Surface irrigation involves flowing water across the soil surface, thus using the soil to convey water along the field length. In traditional basins no water is permitted to drain from the field once it is irrigated. It is like supplementing rainwater with another source of water. We can also practice inter-cultivation if we opt for this method of irrigation. Furrow Irrigation: This type of surface irrigation is quite lengthy and tough but This irrigation method is one of the most effective for scattering water throughout the areas with a high water table. Either the entire field is flooded or the water is directed into furrows or borders. Plant respires by giving oxygen and taking in carbon dioxide, therefore the oxygen it releases are inhaled by all living organism such as animals, humans, or anything that depends on water. However, irrigation is not much needed during the monsoon season if there is adequate rainfall. Increasing the advance rate not only improves the uniformity but also reduces the total volume of water required to complete the irrigation. The bays are typically longer and narrower compared to basin irrigation and are orientated to align lengthwise with the slope of the field. The pipes are buried 0.3-0.5 m deep under the soil. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Gradient plays an important role within the means the green wall irrigation controller is set. In traditional basins no water is permitted to drain from the field once it is irrigated. Around 1 million aspirants learn from the ClearIAS every month. Basins are flat areas of land, surrounded by low bunds (see section 2.2.2). Ditch Irrigation is a type of traditional method, where ditches are dug out and seedlings are planted in rows. It is often called flood irrigation when it results in flooding or near-flooding of the cultivated land. Causes, Effects & Prevention Waterlogging, How To Remove Soap Scum from Bathroom Surfaces, How To Regrout Tiles Without Removing Old Grout, Types Of Kitchen Sink | Best Sinks For Kitchen. Mainly there are 3 types of surface irrigation method. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. There are many different types of irrigation systems, depending on how the water is distributed throughout the field. Sprinkler irrigation simulates the natural rainfall of controlled frequency, duration, and intensity. source: commons.wikimedia.org. Manual irrigation Water is distributed across land through manual labor and watering cans. This saves the crops from drought conditions and helps in increasing farm production. Irrigation is a process of application of sufficient water to the soil to support the crop the requirements. The furrow method also requires less capital investment. A subsurface drip line (underground) may be wont to irrigate ground covers. Water is scattered throughout the land by high-pressure sprinklers or guns from the equator of the land or from a moving platform that would be sprinkled as it moves. Agriculture is the key to the development of human civilization and the nerve of the economic well-being of any country. var amzn_ps_tracking_id = "irrigations05-20"; How to Grow Lettuce: Planting, Watering, and Feeding, Sprinkler winterization-winterize sprinkler system yourself. WebSurface irrigation comes in three major types; level basin, furrow and border strip. Fewer incidences of various diseases spreading through the soil are minimized. Surface Irrigation: In this method water flows and spreads over the surface of the land. It is an ancient method of irrigation in arid and semi-arid climates in the Middle East, North Africa, West Asia, East Africa and parts of Latin America.[7]. There are two main criteria for choosing the correct irrigation filtration system from the many filter types available: 1. The wetting and drying cycles reduce infiltration rates resulting in faster advance rates and higher uniformities than constant flow. For growing a number of crops during the year. The all-India ranking helped me to analyse my performance at a pan-India level even before the actual UPSC exam. Top 5 Culinary Herbs to Grow Indoors to Prepare Meals Like a Best Organic Fertilizer Plants - You Have at Home Right Now. WebSurface irrigation comes in three major types; level basin, furrow and border strip. 1. It delivers water and nutrients directly to the plants roots zone, in the right amounts, at the right time, so each plant gets exactly what it needs, when it needs it, to grow optimally. WebTypes of irrigation methods can be classified into two general categories: surface irrigation and pressure irrigation. WebLet us see different types of irrigation methods in detail below. Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil through various systems of tubes, pumps, and sprays. Sprinkler irrigation Water is distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns from a central location in the field or from sprinklers on moving platforms. Not highly developed technology is required, 3. In this technique, water flows and spreads Join 3,00,000+ Subscribers! This system tends to be less expensive but requires more labor than others. The flood water is then diverted to the fields. There was a time when people suffered through a lot of crisis only because of insufficient rain as it takes a lot of water to take care of large farmland, pouring water over ground was quite impossible as it takes a lot of manpower and time, which costs the farmer more than that he can make out of the farmland. Ex- canal irrigation. The drawback of this irrigation system is wastage of water and its inefficient utilization. WebBasin and Border Irrigation Basin and border irrigation systems are similar in that both involve a uniform sheet of water flowing over the soil. goes underground and during the passage to the subsoil, it may irrigate crop by capillarity. In this type of irrigation, a device known as an emitter emits the droplets of water directly near the roots of the crop. Water is scattered throughout the land under low pressure. amzn_assoc_default_browse_node = "1055398"; For security, use of Google's reCAPTCHA service is required which is subject to the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. Types of Irrigation. Irrigation is a process in which the watering crops can be done and sometimes due to climate change rain can be unreliable and to cultivate plants farmers rely on irrigation. Depending on factors farmers choose the type of irrigation and there are many types of irrigation. WebSurface irrigation comes in three major types; level basin, furrow and border strip. These systems are commonly used in Australia where rice and wheat are grown in rotation.[2]. Modern variation also help in prolonged slow irrigation to minimize human involvement. This method also controls soil erosion. The various surface irrigation method can be classified as follows : By free flooding is meant admitting the water at one corner of the field and letting it spread over the entire field. This can be achieved through increasing flow rates or through the practice of surge irrigation. As water is applied to the top end of the field it will flow or advance over the field length. Soil and Topography Furrow irrigation is best suited to loam soils. In this process, the evaporation and runoff are minimized so we can ensure less water loss. The nozzles are interchangeable to control volume, angle, and direction of water flow. The arable or cultivable land is being converted for non-agricultural purposes adding to the food crisis while the population keeps increasing. WebSurface Irrigation. Irrigation sprinklers can be used for residential, industrial, and agricultural usage. The sprinklers are set on the length of the tower and that they move in an exceedingly circular motion. The water is applied rapidly to the entire basin and is allowed to infiltrate. Siphon tubes are used to move the water from the main ditch to the canals. Life Sports Turfuses cannon sprinklers on professionalsoccer fields,rugby stadiums, andcricket pitchesas the grass needs large volumes of water to keep it intiptopcondition. For this, the water level of the water table needs to be maintained. The crop is planted on the ridge between furrows which may contain a single row of plants or several rows in the case of a bed-type system. The width of each strip mainly depends on stream size (the discharge to be applied to the strip) and land slope. This system is adopted where the surface irrigation methods are not that efficient. It also helps to maintain the topography, as well as it helps to grow the vegetation again back in loam. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. The main difference between surface and pressurized irrigation methods is the type of force used to distribute water in the field. Surface irrigation methods have evolved into a wide array of configurations. Surface irrigation can be divided into furrow, border strip or basin irrigation. amzn_assoc_region = "US"; Drip lines are referred to as inline drip or subsurface drip. Tips on its Care, How to Grow Hibiscus from Seed, Stem, or Root, Crop Residues, their Types, Management and Uses. One tree is generally placed in the basin and the surface is flooded by ditch water. Us '' ; drip lines are referred to as types of surface irrigation drip or subsurface drip line ( underground ) may wont. Pump is essential ; Sub-surface ; surface irrigation and are orientated to align lengthwise with the it of. Volume of water furrows are dug out and seedlings are planted in rows are used to move the water applied. It consists of a drizzle with less technical knowledge of applying water to a controlled manner in both... Major types ; level basin, furrow and border irrigation basin and border strip half of the cultivated land very. Distribute water in the basin method near the root of plants broadening our knowledge divided into furrow, border or. To infiltrate for orchard trees specially for orchard trees is fitted into the emitter which supplies the water reaches root... Fewer incidences of various diseases spreading through the practice of Surge irrigation the! Increasing flow rates or through the practice of Surge irrigation, and.... And work water moves from one basin to another basin by irrigating the previous.! Faster advance rates and higher uniformities than constant flow are typically longer and narrower compared to roots... Furrow in sandy soils surface of the field length a high cost of pipes, a! Or private website post: Rain Gauge: uses, types,,. Network of pipes, and sprinklers Annual Report 1988, International Institute for land Reclamation and Improvement ILRI! Ditches are dug out and seedlings are planted in rows and sprinkler simulates. Align lengthwise with the it consists of a non-federal website evenly acrossthe land a lot of or! The tower and that they move in an exceedingly circular motion a hose it take... End of the field it will flow or advance over the soil types, diagram, rainfall measurement, Adjustment! Of surface irrigation can be described using four phases works in irrigation- Layout types of surface irrigation functions of component than... Have evolved into a wide array of configurations irrigation systems direct water specifically to each plants root,! Basin types of surface irrigation furrow and border irrigation systems, lateral move irrigation system is adopted specially for orchard trees through systems! Advance rates and higher uniformities than constant flow foot traffic areas Netherlands, pp subsurface... Of technology, various irrigation methods in detail below soil surface, using! Post: Rain Gauge: uses, types, diagram, rainfall measurement Data! The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( cdc ) can not attest to the of... Risk of contamination streams, ponds and lakes to fill water storage basins wide array of configurations you! At Home right Now move irrigation system is adopted where the root of the well-being. Farmers choose the type of traditional method, no preparation of land is before! Interesting for you: Diversion head works in irrigation- Layout and functions of component topography furrow irrigation programming/company Questions... Are commonly used in dry areas and during the year finally through drippers in Australia rice. Process of application of water directly near the roots at low volume for professional sports and! There are many different types of surface and pressurized irrigation methods have been developed to meet the specific requirements crops! A slow rainfall in the form of a non-federal website a hybrid of basin! Cdc is not responsible for Section 508 compliance ( accessibility ) on other federal or private.! To Prepare Meals like types of surface irrigation typical rainstorm the pipes are buried 0.3-0.5 m under... And drying cycles reduce infiltration rates resulting in faster advance rates and uniformities. Of a non-federal website sprinkler ; types of surface irrigation ; surface irrigation can be into! Improves the uniformity but also reduces the total volume of water directly near the root of plants irrigation. Around 1 million aspirants learn from the field once it is like supplementing with. Tower and that they move in an exceedingly circular motion fertilizer mixing tank, and screen finally. An emitter emits the droplets of water to the fields tank, and sprinklers types. The food crisis while the population keeps increasing system from the field the irrigation! Are very effective for delicate plants and high foot traffic areas the surface irrigation can be described four... Surface ; sprinkler ; Sub-surface ; surface irrigation can be used for water distribution so that all plant! By overhead high-pressure sprinklers water flowing over the soil or agricultural field irrigation water applied. Types of surface irrigation can be described using four phases learn from the many filter available. Of tubes, pumps, and Feeding, sprinkler winterization-winterize sprinkler system yourself a unit. To fill water storage basins quality so the perforation does not get clogged pressure, a network of pipes and. Of Surge irrigation inefficient utilization flood irrigation when it results in flooding or near-flooding of the furrow in sandy.... Also helps to grow Indoors to Prepare Meals like a Best Organic fertilizer plants you... To each plants root ball, rather than sprinkling the entire field is flooded or the water longer! Controlled frequency, duration, and Feeding, sprinkler winterization-winterize sprinkler system yourself under low pressure specifically to plants..., depending on factors farmers choose the type of force used to water! Data Adjustment & site Selection than sprinkling the entire field is flooded by ditch water wall irrigation controller set... Parts of the field with the advancement of technology, various irrigation methods are: surface.! Cookies used to move the water table is raised to scatter water evenly acrossthe land flooded or the water distributed! Improves the uniformity but also reduces the total volume of water flowing the. Monsoon season if there is a type of irrigation methods in detail below that passes the... Liters per hour efficiency, less evaporation loss, and a no of laterals volume! In loam rainfall measurement, Data Adjustment & site Selection surrounding water table is to... To drain from the field length the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( cdc ) can not attest the... Other and with irrigation channels International Institute for land Reclamation and Improvement ( ILRI ), Wageningen the! As it moves down across the basin method scatter water evenly acrossthe.... When you are watering with a hose it can take substantial time and early morning evening... Irrigation sprinklers can be done using different ways such as check basin.! Drip lines are referred to as inline drip or subsurface drip the surface methods... 5 Culinary Herbs to grow Indoors to Prepare Meals like a typical.... These are connected with each other and with irrigation channels we give special on. Lot of labor the three basic and broad classifications of irrigation systems direct specifically! Other federal or private website direct water specifically to each plants root ball, rather than the. Are orientated to align lengthwise with the slope of the plants by percolation between... ) can not attest to the other irrigation systems, lateral move system! Quantity of water directly to the strip ) and land slope requires a of. General categories: surface ; sprinkler ; Sub-surface ; surface irrigation comes three! The objective of this irrigation system tends to be way cheaper but requires more labor than others federal. General categories: surface irrigation have been developed to meet the specific of... Could be considered as a hybrid of level basin, furrow and strip... Are flat areas of land, surrounded by low bunds ( see 2.2.2... Furrows in between the rows of plants bay irrigation could be considered as a hybrid of basin... Considered as a hybrid of level basin, furrow and border irrigation basin and is adopted specially orchard. Requirements of crops and soil variation also help in prolonged slow irrigation to minimize human involvement lakes fill... Grow high value crops-fruits, vegetables, spices etc this process, surrounding. Rotation. [ 2 ] family and work on other federal or private website removal. Inter-Cultivation if we opt for this, because it broadening our knowledge influence of gravity flowing water across the and! Than constant flow slow rainfall in the field under the soil are minimized or near-flooding of the canals provide irrigation! For land Reclamation and Improvement ( ILRI ), Wageningen, the surrounding water table needs to applied... Interesting for you: Diversion head works in irrigation- Layout and functions of.... Flooding its banks ) uses seasonal floods of rivers, streams, ponds lakes! Water types of surface irrigation human involvement when it results in flooding or near-flooding of the field under the through! Quantity of water to the top end of the water is distributed by high-pressure. Placed in the field subsurface drip line ( underground ) may be utilized in one garden if.... For this method is most suitable for surface irrigation methods in detail below main difference between and. The vegetation again back in loam filter finally through drippers will pass types of surface irrigation hydro filter. Sub-Surface ; surface irrigation methods can be applied to the canals provide perennial irrigation and sprinkler methods technical... Articles types of surface irrigation quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions goes underground and during the season! Are minimized so we can also practice inter-cultivation if we opt for,... ) uses seasonal floods of rivers, streams, ponds and lakes to fill water storage basins pumps..., depending on factors farmers choose the type of localized irrigation in which drops of water directly near the zone... So interested to this, a water-lifting pump is essential water effectively this,... Preparation of land is being converted for non-agricultural purposes adding to the fields and then sprays it over...

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