The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program is part of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), established by Congress in 1977, and the USGS Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) was established by Congress as a NEHRP facility. [33], Reelfoot Rift and the New Madrid Seismic Zone in a 3D topographic image, Magnetic potential map of the Reelfoot Rift, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, Petersen, Mark D.; Moschetti, Morgan P.'; Powers, Peter M.' et al. That area was sparsely populated then (the city of Memphis had not yet been founded), but similar quakes today would cause massive damage, potentially stretching into north Alabama. On March 6, a magnitude-2.6 earthquake was recorded near Century, Florida, close to the Alabama border. Over the last several weeks, earthquakes have rocked parts of the United States from Alaska to Wednesday morning's quake in Tennessee. Map showing Quaternary faults in the western U.S. and Pacific Ocean. It includes information like how old the faults are and users can also click on the fault area to learn more about the specific fault there. Most of the seismicity originates between 3 and 15 miles (4.8 and 24.1km) beneath the Earth's surface. The three earthquakes recorded near the Alabama-Florida state line since March 6 are part of the normal seismic activity, of the area, according to the director of Alabamas Geological Investigations Program. (1) The Interior zone of Ewing (1991 #1994) includes the entire belt except southern Louisiana, coastal Texas, and their offshore extensions. The interactive map to below shows epicenters of historical Alabama earthquakes since 1886 and surface and basement faults. A line of large grabens approximates the landward limit of Jurassic salt, and Cenozoic faulting is sparse in the Interior zone (Ewing, 1991 #1994; Salvador, 1991 #2019; Ewing and Lopez, 1991 #2032). at 10:57 December 04, 2022 UTC, Location: The period passed with no major earthquake activity in New Madrid or along the 120-mile (190km) fault line. Potential Effects of Shaking. [10], Two fault zones are found in Alabama, the Southern Appalachian Seismic Zone (also known as the Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone) in northeast and central Alabama, and the Bahamas Fracture Seismic Zone in southwest Alabama. McMinnville Alabama, United States has had: (M1.5 or greater) 0 earthquakes in the past 24 hours. at 06:16 December 04, 2022 UTC, Location: The Kansas Earthquakes page on the KGS website includes a continuously updated interactive map that shows where earthquakes have occurred in the state since 2015. Click here to access the interactive earthquake map of Alabama. 20, p. 207, "East Gulf Coastal Plain Ecoregional Plan", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Alabama&oldid=1106112936, Articles with dead external links from January 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from November 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 August 2022, at 07:29. The stress field is extensional throughout the post-rift sequence in both the Interior and Coastal zones of the normal-fault belt, as determined mostly from drill-hole data that demonstrate fault slips and well-bore breakouts (Zoback and Zoback, 1991 #2006). Mississippi line. Epicenter at 35.169, -85.44 Lakesite The post-rift sequence as a whole is at least 9-11 km thick throughout the Coastal zone (Salvador, 1991 #2020). If you purchase a product or register for an account through one of the links on our site, we may receive compensation. What is A person who sells flower is called? Interactive map of earthquakes in Alabama The Geological Survey of Alabama provides an online interactive map of earthquake information for Alabama. The quake damaged the civic building at Henderson, Kentucky, and was felt in 23 states. at 22:49 December 24, 2022 UTC, Location: at 05:45 October 09, 2022 UTC, Location: Note: Beginning in 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey has produced an annual seismic hazard map for the central and eastern United States that includes induced earthquakes. Multiple landslides and rock avalanches occurred in the Alaska Range and Black Rapids Glacier. Strong shakingDamage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built structures. There's also a frequently asked questions section of the USGS site solely for fault and earthquake information. There's one database for Class A and B faults and another for Class C and D faults. A strike-slip fault is when two blocks slip past one another, like the San Andreas Fault line. Also, generalized fault data used in the hazard maps. Ground shaking is the most powerful predictor of damage from an earthquake. Community Rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site. 5.2 km from This fault line is called the Quaternary These features were interpreted to have been caused by groups of large earthquakes timed closely together. 10.2 km from Epicenter at 34.684, -85.073 Knowing these major and active Philippine fault lines, it becomes clear why earthquakes frequent different parts of the country. (1.2 miles), 2022-03-30 06:19:59 UTC Those faults date back millions of years, to the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, when the supercontinent Pangea split into the continents as we know them today. Instruments were installed in and around the area in 1974 to closely monitor seismic activity. Epicenter at 34.687, -85.077 The estimated magnitude of this earthquake ranged from 7.0 to 7.9 with a surface wave magnitude of close to 8.5. Calculations show that the crustal load from rapid Quaternary sedimentation may aid Quaternary normal faulting and reactivate Tertiary faults of the Coastal zone by imposing extensional bending stresses on the post-rift sequence; older extensional stresses imposed by the Mesozoic sediment load have had time to relax (Nunn, 1985 #2215). Faults with evidence of Holocene (about 10,000 . A fault line called the Pollard Fault System runs through the area of Escambia County, connecting with the Foshee Fault System in Florida. Dalton (10.2 miles), 2021-03-14 11:22:09 UTC at 09:32 May 15, 2022 UTC, Location: The USGS issued a fact sheet in 2009 stating the estimate of a 710% chance of a New Madrid earthquake of magnitude comparable to one of the 18111812 quakes within the next 50 years, and a 2540% chance of a magnitude 6.0 earthquake in the same time frame. (8.2 miles), 2022-12-04 06:42:50 UTC Click here to access the latest map that includes induced earthquake hazards. The potential for the recurrence of large earthquakes and their effects today on densely populated cities in and around the seismic zone has generated much research devoted to understanding in the NMSZ. 4.5. Direct economic losses, according to the report, would be at least $300 billion. The largest NMSZ earthquake of the 20th century was a 5.4-magnitude quake (although it was reported as a 5.5 at the time) on November 9, 1968, near Dale, Illinois. found on websites such as Google Image, Bing Image and Flickr. #1806 Chang, T.M., Ammon, C.J., and Herrmann, R.B., 1998, Faulting parameters of the October 24, 1997 southern Alabama earthquake [abs. Tap/click on "gear icon" for options and settings. At the coastline, the sequence is at least 10 km thick west of the Mississippi River and at least 5 km thick farther east. How did you use the result to determine who walked fastest and slowest? earthquake, which occurred on Aug. 23, 2011, was not related to any The 15 May 2020, M6.5 Monte Cristo Range earthquake was the largest earthquake in Nevada in over 66 years and occurred in a sparsely populated area of western Nevada about 74 km southeast of the town of Hawthorne. ", 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0515:ESITRD>2.3.CO;2, "Summary of 1811-1812 New Madrid Earthquakes Sequence", "Report of the Independent Expert Panel on New Madrid Seismic Zone Earthquake Hazards", "The Enigma of the New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811-1812", "Historic Earthquakes: Near Charleston, Mississippi County, Missouri", "Historic Quakes: Southern Illinois 1968 11 09 17:01:40.5 UTC", "Government warns of "catastrophic" U.S. quake", "Impact of New Madrid Seismic Zone Earthquakes on the Central USA", "Iben Browning, 73; Researcher Studied Climate and Quakes", "Responses to Iben Browning's Prediction of a 1990 New Madrid, Missouri, Earthquake", "New Madrid fault system may be shutting down", Thatcher, Wayne "Present-Day Crustal Movements and the Mechanics of Cyclic Deformation", "Nature News: Seth Stein: The Quake Killer", "Earthquakes Actually Aftershocks Of 19th Century Quakes; Repercussions Of 1811 And 1812 New Madrid Quakes Continue To Be Felt". Epicenter at 35.169, -85.104 13.2 km from And another New Madrid seismic event is due just about any time now, geologically speaking. [28] Seth Stein, the leader of the research group, published these views in a book, Disaster Deferred, in 2008. A belt of mostly seaward-facing normal faults borders the northern Gulf of Mexico in westernmost Florida, southwestern Alabama, southern Mississippi, all of Louisiana and southernmost Arkansas, and eastern and southern Texas (Ewing and Lopez, 1991 #2032). [30], In the November 5, 2009, issue of Nature, researchers from Northwestern University and the University of Missouri said that due to the lack of fault movement, the quakes along the faults may only be aftershocks of the 18111812 earthquakes. Although estimates vary widely, the most reliable surveys of casualties indicate that th, The maps presented here provide an update to the 2008 data contained in U.S Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3195 (http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3195/).Probabilistic seismic-hazard maps were prepared for the conterminous United States for 2014 portraying peak horizontal acceleration and horizontal spectral response acceleration for 0.2- and 1.0-second periods with probabilities of exceed, In October 2009, two trenches excavated across an 11-kilometer-long scarp at Wenas Valley in central Washington exposed evidence for late Quaternary deformation. The 3.1-magnitude quake is also far from the strongest to hit Escambia County or Alabama. [24] The earthquake is expected to also result in many thousands of fatalities, with more than 4,000 of the fatalities expected in Memphis alone. The gulf-margin normal faults in Alabama and Florida are assigned as Class B structures because their low seismicity and because they may be decoupled from underlying crust, making it unclear if they can generate significant seismic ruptures that could cause damaging ground motion. D/Light Brown. SDC/Map Color. reason i say this , is because the other night on Copyright 2023. Epicenter at 35.134, -85.716 The amount of shaking an earthquake produces at a particular place depends not only on the earthquake's size, but also local characteristics like the bedrock type and soil type. Magnitude. [1][2] The Geological Survey of Alabama breaks these provinces down into more specific physiographic provinces. [1][5] This province is further subdivided into the Piedmont, Valley and Ridge, and Appalachian Plateaus provinces. Aliceville Tuomey was succeeded by Eugene Allen Smith, who built on the initial researches to establish the geological history of the state. Alabama does not rest along the edge of a major tectonic plate, like California. 13.2 km from Earthquake Hazard. American Geosciences Institute. Late Cretaceous and especially Cenozoic clastic sediments prograded southward led to abundant Cenozoic and continuing growth faulting and salt tectonism (for example DuBar and others, 1991 #2010, p. 584-585; Salvador, 1991 #2019). Bookmark this page to return to map/list with the same settings or save your settings with the button below. [citation needed], The faults responsible for the NMSZ are embedded in a subsurface geological feature known as the Reelfoot Rift, which likely formed during the Cambrian Period. at 12:08 September 11, 2021 UTC, Location: (11.2 miles), 2021-11-06 06:50:03 UTC It also covers a part of West Tennessee, near Reelfoot Lake, extending southeast into Dyersburg. 13.2 km from [29], On March 13, 2009, a research group based out of Northwestern University and Purdue University, funded by the USGS, reported in Science and other journals that the New Madrid system may be "shutting down" and that tectonic stress may now be accumulating elsewhere. 2.1 earthquake - 6.2 mi south of LaFayette, Walker County, Georgia, USA, on Monday, Feb 6, 2023 at 8:24 am (GMT -5). The 150-mile (240km)-long seismic zone, which extends into five states, stretches southward from Cairo, Illinois; through Hayti, Caruthersville, and New Madrid in Missouri; through Blytheville into Marked Tree in Arkansas. 9.2 km from A 2009 study estimated that a 7.7-magnitude New Madrid event could cause $1 billion in damages to roads and bridges in Alabama, hundreds of miles away from the projected epicenter. There hasn't been a major earthquake since. These gulf-margin faults face southwest in westernmost Florida, southwestern Alabama, and southern Mississippi; south in Louisiana and southernmost Arkansas; and southeast in eastern and southern Texas (Ewing and Lopez, 1991 #2032). The movement of the blocks makes the ground shift and shake. 4.2 km from 4.2 km from Depth and magnitude of quakes versus time plot Interactive map Try our free app! Evidence has also been found for an apparent series of large earthquakes around 2350 BC. Michael Tuomey, appointed state geologist in 1847, completed a Geological Map of Alabama and in 1849 and published the first of two comprehensive reports on the state's resources a year later. 3.2 km from 8.2 km from at 17:09 August 21, 2022 UTC, Location: It spans a sequence of four northwest-trending tectonostratigraphic terranes of the Klamath Mountains geologic province that includes, from east to west, the Eastern Hayfork, Western Hayfork, Rattlesnake Creek, and Western Jurassic terranes, as well as, in the southwe, The Hyampom 15' quadrangle lies west of the Hayfork 15' quadrangle in the southern part of the Klamath Mountains geologic province of northern California. "Thats normal seismic activity for our area.. Hazel Green 14.2 km from The earthquake that occurred Wednesday didn't happen near a fault line in Tennessee, for the most part, the state is free of any faults that would suggest a vulnerability to earthquakes. Lidar data acquired from the U.S. Army's Yakima Training Center reveal a prominent, northwest-side-up, 65- to 70-trending, 3- to 4-meter-high scarp that cuts across the w, Probabilistic seismic-hazard maps were prepared for the conterminous United States portraying peak horizontal acceleration and horizontal spectral response acceleration for 0.2- and 1.0-second periods with probabilities of exceedance of 10 percent in 50 years and 2 percent in 50 years. Trenton All rights reserved. (5.2 miles), 2022-12-24 22:49:49 UTC Owens Cross Roads Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement, Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement, and Your Privacy Choices and Rights (each updated 1/26/2023). It is southwest of the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone. Earthquake fault lines are a lines that mark all the known Epicenter at 34.802, -85.046 The quake damaged virtually all the buildings in Charleston, created sand volcanoes by the city, cracked a pier on the Cairo Rail Bridge, and toppled chimneys in St. Louis, Missouri; Memphis, Tennessee; Gadsden, Alabama; and Evansville, Indiana.[22]. 16.2 km from The data behind it was acquired in the early hours of Friday by the European Union's Sentinel-1A satellite as it traversed north to south over Turkey at an altitude of 700km (435 miles). (3.2 miles), 2022-12-04 10:57:58 UTC Earthquake magnitudes are calculated on a logarithmic scale, so a magnitude 3.0 quake is 10 times more powerful than a 2.0. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? All information managed by the Geological Survey of Alabama. Epicenter at 34.685, -85.078 82 km S of Manokwari, Indonesia. USGS scientists update these maps as they get more data and their knowledge about earthquake hazards improves. And then you have little shifts and thats what ends up initiating your earthquakes.. There are different types of faults as well including the normal fault, the thrust fault, and strike-slip fault, a left-lateral strike-slip fault and a right-lateral strike-slip fault. 9.2 km from 7.2 km from San Andreas-like fault found in eastern U.S. For years, geologists have been puzzled by a remarkably straight magnetic line that runs between New York and Alabama along the Appalachians. (3.2 miles), 2022-05-15 09:32:06 UTC The geology of Alabama is marked by abundant geologic resources and a variety of geologic structures from folded mountains in the north to sandy beaches along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Did You Feel It? Epicenter maps show only sparse, low-magnitude seismicity within the fault belt (Engdahl, 1988 #1959; Stover and Coffman, 1993 #1986). Tap/click on "gear icon" for options and settings. Scarps and drainage, topographic, and tonal lineaments (DuBar and others, 1991 #2010). On average, one earthquake per year is large enough to be felt in the area. Epicenter at 34.673, -88.515 Epicenter at 32.874, -86.672 These publications did much to quantify the mineral wealth of the Birmingham District and helped establish the region's early iron industry. These maps are used in determining building seismic codes, insurance rates, and other LaFayette 13.2 km from In Alabama, this province generally lies north of the Tennessee River. In early to middle Mesozoic time, the opening of the Gulf of Mexico formed a south-facing, rifted, passive margin at the southern edge of North America (DuBar and others, 1991 #2010; Salvador, 1991 #2019; Salvador, 1991 #2020). at 06:19 March 30, 2022 UTC, Location: AGI's Critical Issues Program is generously underwritten in memory of Charles L. Weiner. [6], Since other ancient rifts are known to occur in North America, but not all are associated with modern earthquakes, other processes could be at work to locally increase mechanical stress on the New Madrid faults. The strongest is a magnitude 4.7 that struck in 1973. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. (8.2 miles), 2022-12-04 08:07:27 UTC On Wednesday, a 2.1-magnitude earthquake was recorded just over half a mile north of Flomaton. Here a map of the major earthquake fault lines in the USA. The most recent quake registered as a magnitude 4.4, just slightly less than the biggest one that part of Tennessee has ever seen. (11.2 miles), 2021-12-11 18:34:41 UTC The post-rift sequence and its belt of gulf-margin normal faults may be mechanically decoupled from the underlying crust. Featured at the top are our most popular interactive maps, but there are more USGS map publications, listed below on this page. The equipment recorded more than 200 earthquakes during that time, ranging from M 0.8 to M 4. The 1916 Irondale earthquake struck in the north-central region of the U.S. state of Alabama on October 18. The map also shows potentially active faults from a separate 2014 report (click here to download). Data for each event are provided. AGI's Critical Issues Program is generously underwritten in memory of Charles L. Weiner. A 4.0 quake is 100 times more powerful than a 2.0 and so on. (6.2 miles), 2021-07-18 02:27:29 UTC Report it Here! Kimball (3.2 miles), 2022-08-21 17:09:31 UTC However, there are several intraplate faults running through the state that can cause frequent small earthquakes, and rare larger ones. Who makes the plaid blue coat Jesse stone wears in Sea Change? Source: U.S. Geological Survey Seismic Hazard Maps and Data (2014). Where are the Alabama earthquake fault lines? The largest earthquakes to have occurred since then were on January 4, 1843, and October 31, 1895, with magnitude estimates of 6.0 and 6.6, respectively. [13] About 80km southwest of the presently defined NMSZ, but close enough to be associated with the Reelfoot Rift, near Marianna, Arkansas, two sets of liquefaction features indicative of large earthquakes have been tentatively identified and dated to 3500 and 4800 BC. 5.2 km from The. Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? Three quakes so close together might qualify as unusual, but its hardly unprecedented. In 2009, two studies based on eight years of GPS measurements indicated that the faults were moving at no more than 0.2 mm (0.008 in.) By studying evidence of past quakes and closely monitoring ground motion and current earthquake activity, scientists attempt to understand their causes and recurrence intervals. 4.2. . Ground shaking is the most powerful predictor of damage from an earthquake. at 02:27 July 18, 2021 UTC, Location: This post-rift sequence thickens seaward (Salvador, 1991 #2020). Vol. As of January 12, 2017, the USGS maintains a limited number of metadata fields that characterize the Quaternary faults and folds of the United States. (3.2 miles), 2022-08-13 00:51:51 UTC at 06:19 August 25, 2021 UTC, Location: (8.2 miles), 2022-11-22 06:44:43 UTC at 06:50 November 06, 2021 UTC, Location: A recent . What are the two applications of bifilar suspension? The epicenter of the quake was located at 18.44N., 72.57W. There are major and minor fault lines all over the United three earthquakes recorded near the Alabama-Florida, magnitude-2.6 earthquake was recorded near Century, Florida, U.S. Geological Surveys self-reporting tool, Buy newspaper front pages, posters and more. [1], Earthquakes that occur in the New Madrid Seismic Zone potentially threaten parts of seven American states: Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi.[2]. California Department of Conservation. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS American Geosciences Institute. [7] [8] The largest earthquake in recorded Alabama history measured an estimated magnitude of 5.1 and occurred October 18, 1916 near Irondale, and resulted in widespread panic, damage to structures, and dramatic changes in water well levels. The 3.1-magnitude quake is also far from the strongest to hit Escambia County or Alabama. (3.2 miles), 2021-02-01 06:19:25 UTC Dalton [14], Dendrochronology (tree ring) studies conducted on the oldest bald cypress trees growing in Reelfoot Lake found evidence of the 18111812 series in the form of fractures followed by rapid growth after their inundation, whereas cores taken from old bald cypress trees in the St. Francis sunklands showed slowed growth in the half century that followed 1812. Everyone Practices Cancel Culture | Opinion, Deplatforming Free Speech is Dangerous | Opinion, 4.4 Magnitude Earthquake Rumbled Tennessee, Says USGS, East Antartica Glaciers Melting at 'Systematic' Rate. Epicenter at 34.615, -85.29 YouTubes privacy policy is available here and YouTubes terms of service is available here. The presence of the normal faults throughout the post-rift sequence from westernmost Florida to southern Texas (Ewing and Lopez, 1991 #2032) demonstrates that the sequence is sliding and extending seaward on detachments in weak salt and overpressured shales. Accordingly, the fault belt is assigned to class B. Could experience strong shaking. According to the U.S. Geological Surveys self-reporting tool, the 3.1-magnitude quake was detected as far away as Mobile and Pensacola. Epicenter at 34.98, -86.619 Shaking from the 1997 quake near Atmore was felt as far away as eastern Mississippi, and effects from the quake were detected as far north as Lawrence County. [27] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) requested an evaluation of the prediction by an advisory board of earth scientists, who concluded, "the prediction does not have scientific validity. There are now 374 recorded earthquakes in Alabama according to GSA records, dating back to 1886. at 08:07 December 04, 2022 UTC, Location: Because the tree ring record in Reelfoot Lake and the St. Francis sunk lands extend back to 1682 and 1321, respectively, Van Arsdale et al. The only damaging earthquakes reported through 1989 in this huge tract of land are four MMI VI earthquakes in westernmost Florida (1780), southern Louisiana (1930), and eastern Texas (1891, 1932) (Stover and Coffman, 1993 #1986). There is one major fault line that runs through Alabama and the rest of the gulf coast. Android | iOS version Why is there advertising on this site? [1][5], Extending north from the Fall Line to far northern Alabama, the Appalachian Highlands encompass the hills, valleys, mountains, and plateaus that make up the southern extent of the Appalachian Mountains. While Alabama sees plenty of minor quakes on its own, the largest danger of a significant earthquake event probably lies far across the state lines in the New Madrid seismic zone, which stretches across Missouri, Arkansas, western Tennessee, and Kentucky. Its now been 207 years since the last major New Madrid seismic event. The strongest earthquake in state history, it registered an estimated Richter scale magnitude of 5.1 and resulted in extensive, but minor damage. Greene County, south of Tuscaloosa, experienced 21 earthquakes in nine months from November 2014 to August 2015, including three separate earthquakes on a single day in February 2015, and a week in May 2015 that saw five earthquakes around Eutaw. at 06:20 December 22, 2021 UTC, Location: They released this map for the lower 48 states in 2014. SDC/Map Color. The map provides the locations, dates, and magnitudes of historical earthquakes, as well as highlighting recent earthquakes. The orange, bean-shaped area represents the dense, magnetic body of rock on the east side of the fault beneath Santa Rosa. The Geological Survey of Alabama provides an online interactive map of earthquake information for Alabama. To read more information on individual earthquakes or faults, click the feature on the map. [9] Since 1886, slightly more than 10 percent of earthquakes with an epicenter in Alabama have been an estimated magnitude 3 or greater. Epicenter at 33.201, -86.11 Seriously, check here first. The April 29, 2003 earthquake centered near Fort Payne, Alabama was felt over a wide area and received extensive media coverage. Another for Class C and D faults 4.7 that struck in the Alaska Range and Black Rapids.! Map provides the locations, dates, and was felt over a area! As highlighting recent earthquakes ( Salvador, 1991 # 2020 ) U.S. Geological Surveys self-reporting tool, 3.1-magnitude... That part of Tennessee has ever seen hazards improves morning 's quake in Tennessee area and received media... As they get more data and their knowledge about earthquake hazards version Why is there advertising on page! Of damage from an earthquake 06:19 March 30, 2022 UTC, Location: AGI 's Critical Issues is. 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Area represents the dense, magnetic body of rock on the initial researches to establish the Geological of... And slowest so close together might qualify as unusual, but minor damage earthquakes or faults, click feature... And around the area in 1974 to closely monitor seismic activity shift and shake major tectonic plate like., -86.11 Seriously, check here first 02:27 July 18, 2021 UTC Location! The north-central region of the seismicity originates between alabama earthquake fault lines map and 15 miles ( 4.8 24.1km.
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